The Time Of Early Human Civilization - 3258 Words

Punishment can be dated back to the time of early human civilization. It took a while for human civilization to begin imposing certain laws and regulations that would subsequent an act of crime. During the early time period of 2000 B.C. to 1800 A.D. (2010), ancient Babylonian and Sumerian codes began the model of creating a practice where criminals would be punished for their wrong doings. One of the earliest philosophies of this ancient time was the term Lex talionis or an eye for an eye. This practice is based on the criminal punishment idea of retribution, which means that a criminal deserves to be punished based on the crime committed. As time progressed, new ways of thinking emerged and eventually crime had to be the responsibility of the government because they believed that a crime committed against one citizen was considered to be committed against the whole society. During the enlightenment, great philosophers such as Cesare Beccaria, Jeremy Bentham, and John Howard changed the perspective on human life. Prior the enlightenment, people were not rational and they believed that behavior was not a function of their choice. That’s why they highly supported punishment for retribution. However, during post-enlightenment the main purpose of punishment became to deter or stop crime. In hopes of getting criminals of the street, new ways of punishing evolved but mainly it gave development to incarceration. The number of individuals living in correctional facilities acrossShow MoreRelatedCivilization : A World Without Civilization954 Words   |  4 PagesCivilization After being asked the question â€Å"What is Civilization?† I began to consider what civilization meant to me, and what could it have meant for millions of people in the past. Prior to beginning History 101, if you had asked me my views on civilization, it would have been a lot different than it is now. Before, I hadn’t really considered a world without civilization, the idea seems so foreign to us, modern day humans. A world with no cities, no towns, and no production or consumption? ItRead MoreEssay on Analyzing Early Mesopotamian Civilization1092 Words   |  5 Pagesanalyzing ancient civilization and how it began, there are many elements and aspects that should be considered. Questions such as how did civilization begin? What lead to its creation? Where did it begin, and why in that particular location? Many of these questions can be examined and answered by researching what many believe is the world’s earliest civilization, Mesopotamia. It is widely be lieved that this region was chosen and supported one of the world’s first civilizations. This area wasRead MoreThe Effects of Climate Change on Ancient Civilizations Essay959 Words   |  4 PagesClimate Change on Ancient Civilizations Previous climate change predictions have provided scientists, archaeologist and ecologists with information about the past and future of humans. These indications are backed up by scientific research based off of the physics of the Earth’s atmosphere, ocean, land and ice. In addition, many researchers have recently turned their focus to past civilizations and their downfall. With information from Mark Kinver’s â€Å"Roman Rise and Fall ‘Recorded in Trees’† studiesRead MoreEssential Elements Of Ancient Civilization748 Words   |  3 Pageseven to which ancient civilization they belonged? Before ancient civilizations were established though, life was all about being a hunter-gatherer. Imagine your greatest grandfather living a tough life where he had to move around all the time in a small group and hunt whatever he could find for food. Although that lifestyle lasted for thousands of years, early humans eventually began forming villages and communitie s, later known as civilizations. Nevertheless, these civilizations could not have formedRead MoreEssay What is a Civilization?1078 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is a civilization? This is a big question that some experts still debate it to find the best definition, especially between archeologists who have a definition of civilization for earlier civilization and anthropologist whose definition concern about recent civilization. However, both early and late civilization has many evidences that proof many steps of process in formating a civilization. Surprisedly, some research has found the remarkable evolving process from earlier civilization to the moreRead MoreThe Origins Of Our Cities1726 Words   |  7 Pagesfertile areas of the region. For example, I wanted to do some research on the Sumerian civilization around the fertile crescent and how the ancient Sumerian deities, the Anunnaki, played a part in influencing their way of life and their formation of their cities/communities. My interest started from my own curiosity of how people from the past all have similar stories of how human civilization began and how its early achievements were influenced by a god or gods. As a Korean American, I heard of similarRead MoreMesopotamian Literature : The Civilization1005 Words   |  5 PagesCivilization came a long way since what it first was. Human creativity was the root of the evolution of civilization. The basics of human survival in the Stone Age were creating fire, heat, clothing, and food from the surrounding resources of the lands. There were also many different cultural aspects among people in this age. In early Mesopotamia, the Mesopotamians and the Egyptians had a communal outlook on religion. Although their religious outlook was the same, they viewed the world in many differentRead MoreEssay about Early Civilization Compared to Modern Day America1662 Words   |  7 PagesEarly civilization shared similar common features, because all of these societies were under the same pressures. Their whole purpose was survival as it is to this day. Each societies main focus was to become established, stay in one place provide food, shelter and protection for their families. Early civilizations materialize along rivers, because rivers supplied a continuous and dependable supply of water for farming and human consumption. Agriculture today has had an enormous benefit on today’sRead MoreAncient Civilizations And The Modern World1379 Words   |  6 PagesAncient civilizations have had profound effects of what we know as the modern world today. The primary purpose for anything that liv es is to survive. Throughout history animals, plants and humans have adapted to their surroundings. All living things have changed throughout time. The thing that differs humans from the rest is, humans are more cognitively advanced. Over the course of time the shape and size of the human skull have changed. The size of the human brain has increased, which has allowedRead More greek Essay607 Words   |  3 Pagesthink of ancient cultures and civilizations, they don’t think about the kind of influences they might have had on our society. One of those cultures having the most influence being Ancient Greece. The Ancient world of Greece is far from ancient in the arts, philosophies, ideas, architectures, governments, religions, and everyday life of the people in the latter half of the twentieth century. Come, discover and explore the civilization that forms the foundation of human history. Come, step into the

Impact of Advertisements on Peoples Decisions free essay sample

Modern advertising was created with the innovative techniques introduced with tobacco advertisement in the 1920s, most significantly with the campaigns of Edward Bernays, who is often considered the founder of modern advertising. Today Tobacco is consumed by an estimated 1. 1 billion people world wide and about 1/3rd of the adult population. The World Health Organization(WHO) reports it to be the leading preventable cause of death worldwide and estimates that it currently causes 5. 4 million deaths per year. This can be considered as an example of what happens when advertisements endorse a product with negative effects. While advertising can be seen as necessary for economic growth, it is not without social costs. Advertising is increasingly invading public spaces, such as schools, which some critics argue is a form of child exploitation. Apart from that advertisements frequently use psychological pressure (for example, appealing to feelings of inadequacy) on the intended consumer, which may be harmful. As a result of these kinds of advertisements, people who dont require a product with subconsciously develop a feeling of want/need. The feeling will make them spend money unnecessarily, which can lead to various kinds of complications in their personal lives. Many even feel that often, advertisements exploit the desires of a consumer, by making a particular product more appealing, by manipulating the consumers needs and wants. Advertisements frequently use celebrities to endorse their products. A large section of people tend to ignore their rational decision making skills and buy products without thinking much about it. Through this survey we are attempting to understand how peoples decisions can be influenced by advertisements. Some quick facts about advertisements : There are different types of advertisements, t. v. ads, radio ads, online ads, bill board ads, celebrity branding, text messages, e-mails, human bill boards, mobile bill boards etc,. In 2010, spending on advertising was estimated at $142. 5 billion in the United States and $467 billion worldwide. In June 1836, French newspaper La Presse was the first to include paid advertising in its pages. In India, the Code for Self-Regulation of Advertising in India, established by the Advertising Standards Council of India (ASCI), is applicable on Television Commercials (TVCs). If consumers see an advertisement, which they consider misleading or offensive, they can write to ASCI. Some countries(Sweden, Greece etc,. ) have banned advertisements targeted to children. This may have happened because they might have assumed that children are not matured enough to think whether ads depict truth or not. Women’s bodies are often â€Å"dismembered† in ads and shown only as â€Å"body parts. This type of representation has been criticized for objectifying women and contributing to the underlying culture of violence toward women. In fashion advertising, women are often pictured lying on bearskin rugs, wearing furs and feathers, or dressed in tight-fitting leather clothing. Some researchers criticize these kinds of ads because they feature women as â€Å"prey†. The America n Psychological Association (APA) reports that children under eight years old are not able to critically understand advertisements and that they regard them as truthful, accurate, and unbiased. The average child in America watches over 40,000 television commercials in a year, or over 100 a day. Advertisers consciously try to create a ‘nag factor† by bombarding kids with ads encouraging them to buy certain products in order to become popular. American children ages 12-17 will ask a parent for products they have seen on television an average of nine times until parents finally give in. Advertisers appeal to several common psychological themes to motivate people to buy their products. Some of the most common psychological appeals are to self-preservation, sex, self-esteem, fear, authority, and imitation. Advertisers often use a technique called â€Å"affective condition,† which means they take a product and place it next to other things consumers feel positively about. For example, a detergent ad will juxtapose their brand with babies, sunshine, flowers, or other similar items. Repeatedly showing their brand with these items makes consumers feel good about the detergent too. Studies show that repeated exposure to a stimulus that is barely perceptible creates an â€Å"exposure effect,† which increases positive feelings toward the object. For example, even though most people do not click banner ads, the ads still positively influence the way people feel about the product. In fact, the â€Å"wear out† effect of banner ads did not appear even after 20 exposures. Channel One delivers two minutes of advertising and 10 minutes of news to approximately 7. 7 million students. Over 27% of Channel One advertisements are for junk and 10% are for military recruitment. Channel One also advertises movies, TV shows, and video games with alcohol and tobacco use, violence, and sex. Statement Of the Problem: Advertisements have become a part of the daily life of all sections of the society. Everyday an average American human being is exposed to 3000 advertisements(Source Union of Concerned Scientists Website). A lot of these advertisements will subconsciously affect the way we make decisions in every walk of our life. We have to study these influences and find ways to control the negative influences. Concepts in the Study: We are primarily looking at Tele Vision(T. V. ) commercials. Television is a very widely used source of advertising and it is also one of the costliest ones. A 30 second slot for advertising during Super Bowl series can cost up to 3 million USD( the cost of making these commericials are additional). Review Of Literature: 1. The Effects of Negative Political Advertisements: A Meta-Analytic Assessment. Richard R. Lau(Rutgers University), Lee Sigelman(George Washington University), Caroline Heldman(Rutgers University), Paul Babbit(Rutgers University). (Journal Of Advertising) The conventional wisdom about negative political advertisements holds that no one likes them, but they work, that is, they have the consequences their sponsors intended. Moreover many analysts expressed concern over the detrimental effects of such negativity on the American political system. The data in this assessment doesnt support either contentions. Negative political ads appear to be more effective than positive ads and do not seem to have especially detrimental effects on the political system. Discussion focuses on why negative political become so popular in practice when there is so little evidence that they work especially well. 2. The Effects of Negative Comparative Political Advertising on Candidate Evaluations and Advertising Evaluations : An Exploration. Bruce Pinkleton. (Journal Of Advertising). Currently, political candidates employ a mix of strategies that include comparative advertising as a means of communicating negative information on an opponent to prospective voters while avoiding the sigma attached to a purely negative attack advertising. An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of negative comparative on candidate and advertising evaluations. The results indicated that negative comparative advertising lowers targeted-candidate evaluations, without lowering sponsoring candidate evaluations, despite the low credibility ratings received by such advertising. The results are discussed in relation to another research findings in terms of both campaign strategy and public policy implications. 3. The Effects of television advertising on materialism, parent-child conflict, and unhappiness: A review. Moniek Buijzen, Patti M Valkenburg (http://www. schoncafe. com. au[-gt;0]) (Journal Of Applied Developmental Psychology). In this article, we introduce a model on the unintended effects of advertising. This model describes the existing hypotheses about the impact of advertising on materialism, parent-child conflict, and unhappiness. The validity of each of these hypotheses was investigated using a vote-counting analysis. Our analyses yielded a small to moderate effect size for the relation between advertising and materialism as well as a small to moderate effect size for the relation between advertising and parent-child conflict. However, support for the hypothesized relation between advertising and unhappiness was not found. The outcome of our vote-counting analysis provided several working hypotheses for further research as well as identified possible moderator variables that should be taken into account in future research. Abstract 4. Negative Impacts of Advertising. Bhttp://smallbusiness. chron. com[-gt;1]) The article by Katie Rosehill talks about the Misrepresentation, Unrealistic expectations, False Images, which are a very integral part of advertising these days. The author puts specific focus on how advertisements will impact on a children. 5. 6. www. studymode. com[-gt;2]) 7. www. studymode. com[-gt;3] ) Importance of the study: We have observed how advertisement have become part of our daily life. So, it is extremely important for us to study its ill effects in order to limit them and safe guard the society. It is necessary to study the negative aspects of advertisements to give a positive direction to our society. Objectives of the Study: 1. To understand the kind of advertisements the society likes/prefers to watch. 2. To understand how much advertisements influence people. 3. To understand the attitude of people who dont like an advertisement(to see whether people are taking action against advertisements which they think are false or wrong). 4. To understand how many people know how to make a complaint about a wrong advertisement. Hypothesis: A majority of the people will be influenced by advertisements. A lot of people might not agree that they are influenced by advertisements since it happens subconsciously. Majority of people wont try to take any action against advertisements which they think are wrong. Majority of people wont know how to take action against wrong advertisements. Area of Study: The study is going to take place in Hyderabad. Sampling Method: The method of sampling we have used in this project is called accidental sampling. Accidental Sampling: Accidental Sampling is a type of non probability sampling which involves the sample being drawn from that part of the population which is close to hand. That is, a sample population selected because it is readily available and convenient. The researcher using such a sample cannot scientifically make generalizations about the total population from this sample because it would not be representative enough. For example, if the interviewer was to conduct such a survey at a shopping center early in the morning on a given day, the people that he/she could interview would be limited to those given there at that given time, which would not represent the views of other members of society in such an area, if the survey was to be conducted at different times of day and several times per week. Sampling Size: Sample size is 39 Method of Data Collection: The method of collecting samples we are using is called Interview Schedule Method. Interview Method: This method is an important technique of data collection which revolves around the interview of the respondent by the researcher. In this process, we talk to the respondent in a purposive and systematic manner and through this we enter the life of a complete stranger in a imaginative way. This method helps in not only measuring the socio economic variables but also helps in discovering new facts, insights, feelings of the people and understanding the sociological nature of various facts. Some of the steps involved in Interview Schedule Method are: 1. Construction of questionnaire. 2. Establishing field relations. 3. Legitimizing the respondent. 4. Asking question (Pitch, body language, way of asking have to be taken care of during this) 5. Recording and Editing. There are different types of interviews, the one we have used is a Structured Interview. Structured Interview : In this method, there are structured set of questions, which are planned in advance, this method helps in collecting data if the sample size is large. Field Work: The sample collection was done mostly from people who visited my home which included my friends, my family friends, etc, I also collected some samples from my friends through internet. People were very reluctant to answer it since many of them found it boring. One of the reasons why many of them found it boring is that the questionnaire was completely open ended, people always prefer to answer questions with choices.